Worldwide one in three women experience gender based

Worldwide, one in three women experience gender-based violence, which imparts physical, mental, and sexual health morbidities. It also causes mortality—more than a third of homicides of women are attributable to male partners. These data justifiably create global outrage, accentuated by horrific recent high-profile cases, including the brutal gang rape of a student in New Delhi, and the attempted assassination of Pakistani student and education activist Malala Yousafzai. However, mounting of an effective, evidence-based, sustainable response to gender-based violence has proven elusive, partly because of the paucity of data for the SIRT1/2 Inhibitor IV that we need to understand the most: the perpetrators of gender-based violence. Most research into such violence focuses on victimisation, which provides invaluable insight into survivors\' experiences, risk factors, and needs for support. However, to put a stop to this global pandemic demands a fundamental understanding, and modification, of the behaviour of gender-based violence perpetrators. Population-based data for men\'s violence perpetration and its root causes are scarce and are mostly limited to Africa. Analyses of the UN Multi-country Cross-sectional Study on Men and Violence in Asia and the Pacific presented in represent a major advancement in that they describe the epidemiology of perpetration of the main forms of gender-based violence—intimate partner violence and non-partner rape—in a large and generalisable sample from the world\'s most populous region. Such violence perpetration, including rape by multiple perpetrators, was prevalent, with 25–80% of the men studied perpetrating physical, sexual, or both types of intimate partner violence, and 3–27% committing single perpetrator non-partner rape. The findings offer much-needed direction for prevention and intervention. Targeting of interventions is essential. More than half of non-partner rape perpetrators first did so as adolescents, which affirms that young people are a crucial target population for prevention of rape. The finding that gender-based violence perpetration was associated with other key global health issues (eg, substance use and depression) suggests the potential usefulness of integrated interventions. Childhood trauma and witnessing of gender-based violence were also influential factors, which supports the idea that those exposed to violence during youth should be prioritised for prevention and interventions. Importantly, as reported in other settings, perpetration of both intimate partner violence and non-partner rape was linked closely to sexual risk behaviour (eg, having several sexual partners), supporting the suggestion that these behaviours were informed by underlying norms supportive of men\'s sexual entitlement and dominance in sexual decision-making. As is the case in more generalised HIV epidemic settings, the concurrence of gender-based violence perpetration and sexual risk behaviour hold significant implications for sexually transmitted infections and HIV. Clear value exists in integrated interventions that address both gender-based violence and sexually transmitted infections and HIV. Moving forward, anal rape perpetration is also crucial to this risk constellation in view of the HIV transmission efficiency of anal intercourse, especially when forced, and emerging evidence of its links with gender-based violence. Also crucial, and consistent with previous research, are the effects of gender-inequitable attitudes and sexual entitlement on gender-based violence perpetration. Sustained reductions in gender-based violence perpetration need transformation of culturally and socially reinforced norms that promote and maintain gender inequities. These norms, which are expressed by individuals and informed by, maintained, and codified at the social or structural level, effectively create a culture in which male perpetration of gender-based violence is tolerated at best and expected at worst. Such individual attitudes and social norms need to be addressed within an evidence-based approach to reduce gender-based violence. In other low-income and middle-income settings, sexual health interventions targeting gender equity and relationship dynamics led to promising reductions in men\'s perpetration of, and women\'s experiences of, intimate partner violence. Youth-oriented programmes, such as Coaching Boys Into Men, also address gender norms, with promising results including increased equitable attitudes and reduced self-reported gender-based violence perpetration. This intervention evidence base both shows the mutability of gender-based violence and the attitudes that enable it, and provides a basis for interventions that can be adapted for other geocultural settings.