br Experimental br Result and discussions br Integration of

Experimental
Result and discussions
Integration of the FIA-ET biosensor with android platform
Facilitation of decision support system Decision support system is provided for data analysis. Android application is pre-programmed for decision making. Where necessary, computations are made with the help of algorithms to facilitate decision making. The module is designed to give the best visualization effect to the analyst for better result analysis. The flow of the decision making is presented in Fig. 6 (i) that shows data results of an analyzed sample with high urea concentration. This is indicated by red signal and can be clearly figured out as a signal exceeding the threshold value and a message is sent to the person concerned stating that the sample is unsafe for consumption. The presented system has also been provided with a feature by which a higher authority can acquire direct access to the analysis database to identify the sources of bad samples for which alarm is triggered. Moreover, the database will also help processing plant authorities to identify eletriptan supplying bad quality milk to the center. Fig. 6 (ii) represents the sample within the threshold limit hence message sent states that sample is safe and within permissible limit.
Conclusion
Conflict of interest
Acknowledgments This work is financially supported under NAIP Project No. C4/C10125 & C4/C30032 funded by Indian Council of Agriculture Research (ICAR) India. G.K.M. acknowledges NAIP for research associate fellowship.
Introduction Fluorescent nanoparticles (FNPs) have received much attention in recent years because of their promising applications in many fields such as bioimaging, biosensing, optoelectronic devices and photocatalysis. As the toxicity of the semiconductor quantum dots (QD) containing cadmium or other heavy metals has been widely realized, it is significant to search for nontoxic alternative QD-like fluorescent nanomaterials [10,11,21,22,31,38]. Carbon-based nanoparticles, which include carbon dots, nanodiamonds, carbon nanotubes and fluorescent graphene, are regarded as appropriate candidates [1–5,16,17,20,24,30]. Owing to exceptional advantages of chemical stability, biocompatibility, high water-solubility, sufficient fluorescence quantum yield (QY) and low toxicity, carbon dots have drawn most attention. To date, a variety of techniques have been developed to prepare carbon dots. The established techniques can be classified into two main types: top-down strategy and bottom-up strategy. Top-down strategy includes arc discharge, laser ablation, strong acid oxidation and electrochemical oxidation. Bottom-up strategy includes hydrothermal treatment, ultrasonic method, microwave method and supported method [19,25,32,33,35,40]. A unique property of carbon dots is that the bare carbon dots are not luminescent [15]. When passivated with polymer chains or doped with heteroatoms, the quantum yield of the carbon nanoparticles could be greatly improved [7–9,13,18,27,28,37,39]. Heteroatom-doped carbogenic nanoparticles have attracted much attention of people very recently because of their high quantum yield and desirable diversity. Though some significant progress has been achieved, developing simple methods suitable for synthesizing heteroatom-doped fluorescent nanoparticles is still very meaningful [26,36]. On the other hand, fabrication of safer and efficient fluorescent nanoparticles from non-conjugated natural products is a meaningful strategy [4,5]. In this report, we prepared a kind of N-doped fluorescent nanoparticles (NFNPs) from a common chiral source, tartaric acid, coupled with citric acid by a simple one-pot solvothermal method at moderate temperatures. Tartaric acid and citric acid are small, “safe”, and readily available non-conjugated molecules, and their multiple carboxyl and hydroxyl groups give them good dehydration trend at high temperature. The quantum yield of the obtained NFNPs could reach 48.7%, which was comparable to those of reported N-doped nanoparticles [22,23,28,35,38]. As the product could precipitate from the reaction media directly, the fabrication was easy to enlarge to gram scale. The obtained NFNPs exhibited low cytotoxicity to the target cells NIH3T3 within limits, and could be introduced into the cells for in vitro bioimaging. In recent years, different nanoparticle modalities such as fluorescence quantum dots, gold (Au), silica, carbon dots, etc., have been developed to visualize and monitor cellular and subcellular activities [14], we think that this research may have some contribution to the application in cell imaging.