The influence of climate and rainwater on the site

(2) The influence of climate and rainwater on the site: Located at the center of Guanzhong Basin, Xi\'an is adjacent to the Weihe River and Bashui River to its north and east respectively. Its terrain inclines from southeast to northwest with an altitude of around 400m. Located in a warm temperate zone, Xi\'an has an annual average temperature of 13.3°C, a minimum temperature of −20.61°C, maximum temperature of 45.2°C (at the extremes), and an annual rainfall of 604mm which is mostly concentrated in the months from July to September. The site suffers from scouring by rainstorms in the summer and long-term immersion in rain during the autumn. Especially, the winter thaw brings about the rapid weathering and peeling of the surface of rammed earth. Therefore, it is very necessary to cover the site to prevent it from being destroyed by natural rainfall.
Soil mechanics and protection of the site An engineering geological survey and laboratory analysis have been made on the rammed earth of existing remains. The hall chemokine receptor of rammed earth consists of plain filling earth, rammed earth and ancient soil. The plain filling earth is about 1.5m thick. The loess and rammed earth refilled after surface weathering and archeological excavation came from the original artificially rammed hall base. With a thickness of 4m, it is a key object of protection. Below the rammed earth is sedimentary soil and ancient soil. In order to increase the stability of the earthen body, prevent cave-ins, and restore the original look of the base of Hanyuan Hall, a protective retaining wall (with a thickness of 720–1080mm) was built while protecting various layers of rammed earth by covering them with earth. Surrounded by black bricks, this retaining wall can safely prevent the platform of rammed earth from caving in again. In order to add waterproof properties to the surface of rammed earth, the upper part of lime earth was rammed and a floor layer of square bricks was laid according to the original method used on the hall base, thus further protecting the remnants of rammed earth.
Methods of protection In order to prevent water immersion, the rammed-earth layer and the waterproof layer was added to all rammed-earth hall bases and other areas of the site, so that rainwater could not directly reach the site\'s earthen surface. Specifically, a layer of fine sand was laid on the surface of the original site to achieve a difference between the original rammed earth and the new rammed earth. Then, the same soil with a thickness of no less than 50cm was laid on it and rammed compactly. This served as a protective layer. Then, it was covered with a waterproof layer of lime earth according to its thickness and location. Based on experimental data, compactly rammed 3:7 lime earth can effectively prevent the passage of surface water. Finally, part of the lime earth was covered with a surface layer of cyan earthen bricks.
Design of the site protection project
Design of the Hanyuan Hall protection project
Protective design of Linde Hall During the design of the project of protecting Linde Hall, we adopted the same means of protective exhibition and the same technique of design as that of Hanyuan Hall. They are slightly different only in the aspect of partial site exhibition.
Conclusions
Introduction
Heritage profile
Engineering strategies Three engineering strategies have been made for this project on the basis of heritage site value assessment:
Project principles and measures A few principles and measures were made before the whole project started:
Introduction The Guang Sheng Si Pagoda of the Liao Dynasty in Liaoning Province was established around the 12 A.D. It is made of an octagonal brick structure, and the corner beams and rafters of the first eave are made of wood. The pagoda is huge, with a diameter of up to 15m and a remaining height of approximately 40m. Most of the structure is well preserved. Several facing bricks, a Dougong, and carvings at the central part of the body and the multi-eaves were saved, but the bottom-facing bricks are mostly damaged. The lotiform flat had collapsed and the pagoda body is weathered. The upper part of the multi-eaves as well as that of the pagoda is gone. The inner structure of the first eave is exposed because of the collapsed first eave and lotiform flat. A number of long cracks between the detached column and the pagoda body can be seen on the structure through the space left by the first eave and the bottom of the column; this problem should be immediately resolved because it is a security problem for the main structure.