The fabrication of WPC from

The fabrication of WPC from waste antecedents has attracted some attention in recent literature (Adhikary et al., 2008; Ashori and Nourbakhsh, 2009). The objective of this paper is to determine the coupling properties of black waste oil in the synthesis of WPC as it relates to the physical and mechanical characteristics of the as-synthesized composites from waste LDPE plastics and wood dust from mixed species. Ordinarily, mineral oil (mainly hydrocarbon) is added to WPC formulations for lubrication (diluents) in the extrusion process (Migneault et al., 2009). However, the effect of the use of waste automotive engine oil has not been fully explored, partly because of the concern of the as-synthesized material exhaling hazardous components derived from the waste automotive engine oil. The development of WPC materials from waste precursors, with good physical and mechanical properties, for utilization as fence panels will ensure sustainable development through effective waste management.
Materials and methods
Results and discussions
Conclusions
Acknowledgment
Introduction Alcohol is a versatile organic liquids used in chemical industries as solvents for oils, resins and antifreeze for explosive. Amides are the simplest molecules containing a peptide beta-lactamase and a study of their hydrogen bonding ability yields insight into the nature of protein structure (Jeffrey and Saeriger, 1991). The dielectric relaxation study of solute-solvent mixtures in the microwave frequency range gives information about the molecular polarization of the system. This is related to the formation of multimers in dipoles and their rotations. The earliest studies on the dielectric relaxation processes of mono alcohols (Jeffrey and Saeriger, 1991; Dannhausr and Bahe, 1964; Grag and Smyth, 1965) established that the magnitude of the primary dispersion is much greater than that of higher dispersion and has linear relaxation time which is attributed to the linear bond chain multimers (Dannhausr, 1968). The formation of a linear hydrogen bonded chain changes according to the amount of shielding of the hydroxyl group or to the steric hindrance of the alkyl groups. Addition of electron donating molecules would modify the structure packing and volume of the relaxing systems. There are many studies of the dielectric behaviour of alcohol mixture with structure breaking and structure making (Glaser et al., 1972; Undre et al., 2007, 2008, 2011, 2012; Sankar et al., 2009; Chaudari et al., 1999; Rana and Vyas, 2002a). Sivagurunathan et al. (2005a, 2005b, 2005c, 2005d, 2017) has investigated the complex formation of alkyl methacrylates with proton donors (primary alcohols) in non-polar solvents at 298 K using FTIR spectroscopic method. The complex formation has been interpreted in terms of the association equilibrium constant. Patil et al. (1999) reported the dielectric parameters for aniline – alcohol mixtures using the time domain technique. Dielectric parameters for dimethylsulphoxide-alcohol and dimethylformamide – alcohol mixtures were reported by Khirade et al. (1999a, 1999b) using TDR. Chaudari and Mehrotra (Chaudhari and Mehrotra, 2002) reported the dielectric parameters for pyridine-alcohol mixtures using time domain reflectometry. The present paper reports the dielectric relaxation studies of N-methylacetamide and N,N-dimethylacetamide with alcohol mixture using Time Domain Reflectometry technique in reflection mode at 303 K.
Experimental AR grade N-methylacetamide (NMA) and N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA), AnalaR grade alcohols (1-butanol, 1-pentanol, 1-hexanol, 1-heptanol, 1-octanol and 1-decanol) were purified by standard methods (Vogal, 1957). The solutions was prepared at different volume percentage of N-methylacetamide and N,N-dimethylacetamide in alcohol from 0% to 100% in steps of 10%, at 303 K.
Results and discussion The values of static dielectric constant (ε0), dielectric constant at high frequency (ε∞), the relaxation time (τ) and the effective Kirkwood correlation factor (geff) for binary mixtures of different concentrations (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 vol %) of alcohols (1-butanol, 1-pentanol, 1-hexanol, 1-heptanol, 1-octanol and 1-decanol) with amides (NMA and DMA) at 298 K are provided in Tables 1–6.